Discuss the Role of the Supervisor in Organizational Planning

Course Title: Supervisory Management Submission Date: 22 October 2012 One Stop Production Company’s Report TABLE OF CONTENTS Summary of the Case3 Statement of the Problem4 Core Problem4 Satellite Problems6 Recommendations 16 Reasonable Assumptions19 Bibliography 20 Summary of the caseOne Stop Production is a garment manufacturer specializing in the production of school uniforms. Ms. Susan Holford shared the management of the business with her father Mr. Amos Holford over the past two years and will assume full responsibility for leadership of the company upon his retirement. She has a team of supervisors whose length of tenure with the business exceeds her own involvement with One Stop Production, and in general employees have performed the same functions from the business’ inception. The leadership styles of Susan and her father differ drastically.Motivated by her intention to manage the business in a different manner than her father, Susan is overwhelmed by the diffic ulties facing her – particularly the declining production and sales figures, and what she views as the refusal of the employees to improve production levels. This report outlines the challenges facing the business and its new manager Susan. It will first summarize the existing problems, and then establish specifically the core problem and satellite problems that exist; where necessary reasonable assumptions will be drawn and supported by evidence from the business.The report will then provide recommendations that will empower Susan, as leader, to chart the future course of the organization. This will be followed by a conclusion that unifies the various elements of the report. STATEMENT OF THE Problem Within different organizations one will find varying organizational structures and environments which contribute to the overall organizational culture. Entwined in here are the management and leadership styles, values and beliefs that exist within the organization.As this case an alysis was thoroughly investigated, we discovered that the One Stop Production Company had some major problems (Please refer to Exhibit 1. 0). After careful consideration and collaboration it has been established that the core problem which hinders the success of the company is â€Å"Ineffective Leadership and Organization Management†. Whilst the satellite problems include: ? Poor Organizational Structure ?Poor Management * No Clear Goals ?Ineffective Communication CORE PROBLEM Ineffective Leadership In this company, we will examine the leadership skills within the organisation.A leader’s role is to set the direction for establishing a clear vision by taking risks, sharing and communicating the vision with others so that they will follow willingly. It also includes motivating and inspiring staff by expanding energy through producing change, aligning contingencies by bringing everyone together and balancing the conflicting interests of all members or stakeholders. (www. businessdictionary. com) â€Å"The art of getting employees together on a common platform and extracting the best out of them refers to effective organisation management. † (www. managementstudyguide. com) SATELLITE PROBLEMSPoor Organisational Structure An organisational structure defines how job tasks are formally divided grouped and coordinated (Robbins & Judge 2010, p. 488). Within the One Stop Production Company the organizational structure was not clearly defined which often resulted in conflicts due to mixed instructions. Mr. Holford, although delegating the majority of functions and running of the operation to his supervisors, still constantly moved around giving random instructions to different employees regardless of department. Ms. Holford wants to restructure the organization having roles and job functions clearly defined.In addition she intends to appoint specific supervisors to specific departments which would define the levels of authority – Line or func tional; allowing both employees ad superiors to know who was responsible for what. Poor Management Management involves coordinating and overseeing the work activities of others so that their activities are completed efficiently and effectively (Robbins & Coulter p. 6). â€Å"Ms. Holford never found the time to pursue management because her father had left the management of all three areas of the organization largely up to her† Ms.Holford exhibits a type of autocratic style of management and does not trust the knowledge of the staff. This lack of trust has resulted in her inability to select specific supervisors to specific department. She has very good ideas and intentions for the organization however a lack of management training proves to be a major deficiency. She does not have the co-operation of the workers and as a result her suggestions are not acted on. Ms. Holford believes the selection of a manager to run things for her is imperative however she does not know how to go about this process.Ineffective Communication Communication is ‘the transfer and understanding of meaning. It serves four major functions within a group or organization; control, motivation, emotional expression and information. ’ As seen in this case the flow of communication serves one main purpose and that is control. Employees are made aware of Ms. Holford’s suggestions and intentions at meetings however there appears to be no facility for feedback or input from the employees. The lack of trust in the workers’ knowledge results in a ‘one way’ flow of communication. No Clear Goals / Targets The goals of the organization have not been clearly defined and relayed to the workers. The levels of production and sales which are being sought have not been laid out to the workers. RECOMMENDATIONS * Management and Leadership training for Ms. Susan Holford. This is very important so as to develop within her the skills which are necessary for her to manage the organization as well the workers. Leadership & Learning are indispensible to each other. It is known that effective Leaders are not always born but can be trained. Hire a Human Resources Manager – Human resource managers have a key role to play to help a company achieve its objectives and run effectively. HR managers assist employees with matters relating to their employment and  also help employees with questions regarding health insurance and other benefits. Hiring and firing employees are both important functions performed by the  human  resources department because there are certain procedures to be followed. However, a crucial  role  of  human  resources  is to work closely with upper management as well as the staff to ensure positive company relations at all times. To assist with the hiring of the Human Resources Manager, we have attached the following document. Please see Exhibit 2. 1, 2. 2, 2. 3 and 2. 4) * Implement a five year strategic p lan – This should include the Goal setting  theory which involves establishing  specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and timely   (S. M. A. R. T  )   objectives. Work on the theory of goal-setting suggests that it's an effective tool for making progress by ensuring that participants in a group with a common goal are clearly aware of what is expected from them if an objective is to be achieved. Delegation of work – A General Manager should be chosen with the overall responsible for the day to running and they would report directly to Ms. Holford. In addition specific supervisors for the various departments should be put in place to oversee the running of those departments. Training should also be organized for all supervisors. The supervisors are a direct link between management and the workers. (Please refer to Exhibit 3. 0). * Communication has to become a ‘two way’ process and allow for feedback from the workers. Ms.Holford must spend ti me with key supervisors and staff and learn the business, while also truly learn about the staff. She should form a committee of Management from among the key stakeholders in the Company. The Supervisors should be able to communicate any new production and sales targets to their teams directly. * Goals / Targets – Production and Sales targets should be set and the targets should be known to all members of staff. The overall goals of the company should be clearly stated and ensure that the operation of each department coincides with the overall goals of the organization.Sales records for the past five years should be analyzed so as to pick up on trends and a comparison done with a company in a similar market. For instance sales maybe tied in to the start of the school year where for obvious reasons they will be at their highest. This research would aid in the setting of the targets and goals and also identify reasons for drops in sales at particular times. * Production Levels – The workers have been doing the same jobs since inception.New technology may be available to increase the efficiency of some processes and the training of workers in the use of new technology or processes to increase productivity and overall job efficiency. * Staff Morale – Despite receiving annual wage increases the employees still appear unhappy and are unwilling to improve production. Ms. Holford should pay attention to what the needs of the workers are. Look at improving the working environment, staff relations. Incentive schemes can be devised to encourage workers to produce more and build up their morale. CONCLUSIONThe members of our group believe that after thoroughly analyzing the main issues of the company, and implementation of the recommendations stated would improve the daily operations and production at the One Stop Production. However it should be noted that these recommendations have to be implemented overtime and the changing process should be a gradu al one as from the case it appears that the employees are very resistant to sudden change. It should be gradually incorporated into the activities and employees should be clearly shown the importance of it to the company and also the benefits that can be reaped through their assistance.BIBLOGRAPHY Kotter, John P. John P Kotter on what leaders really do: Harvard Business Press, 1999 Robbins, SP. ; Coulter, M. Management. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. , 2007 Robbins, SP. ;Judge, TA. Organisational Behavior Thirteen ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2008 Robbins, Stephen P. and Judge, Timothy A. Organisational Behaviour. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc, 2009 Mullins, Laurie J, Management and Organisational Behaviour 8th Ed, p. 382 www. businessdictionary. com Barbados Institute of Management and Productivity – Course Manual 2012

My English study

Conclusion Notes References Acknowledgement [Abstract] it is acknowledged that people have always been attaching much significance to the English study on account of the globalization trend of the world to the importance of language communication. Although many people are learning English, it does not mean that every person is certain to have good command of English. I'm no exception too. This paper is concerned about my English study in three stages?in middle school, in high school and at the university.Meanwhile, this paper also gives detailed discussions about the factors: English pronunciation, Autonomous learning ability, English learning motivations and the influence of personal attitudes towards English study. Key Words] Pronunciation; Autonomous learning; Learning motivations; Personal attitudes Economical and technological advances have tremendous impact on our ways of communication. Moreover, the globalization trend of the world also indicates the importance of language com munication.Therefore, English, as a widely used foreign language, has been always meeting with great popularity. However, it is notable that not every person is doomed to have good command of English. I'm no exception too. I have gone through three stages in the process of English study, which are filled with airdrops and happiness actually. It is acknowledged that English pronunciation is essential for every English learner who expects to have a good command of English. However, it is by no means easy.Pronunciation is closely related to the study of vocabulary, listening and so on. To correctly command English phonetic symbols, a learner must not only precisely grasp the articulation of a word and Judge its meanings, but also memorize new words flexibly. The former situation was that not only many students but the teachers themselves in middle school were not truly showing solicitude for the phonetic ours. When I was in middle school, I could remember being taught the phonetics onl y once. Later on, I had to learn by myself.Therefore, it has been no easy Job for me to clearly make distinction between English and Chinese in the Phonemic and phonological pronunciation. Besides, I do not completely correct my English pronunciation until now. 1. 1. 1 Phonemic and phonological distinction between English and Chinese Wan Shining (2004) argues the Chinese belongs to the oriented phylum, whereas English is an occidental one, and that the two languages share many similarities as ell as large divergences both phonemically and phonologically; their Phonetic system are distinct from each other mainly following by three aspects: (1) absolutely.The vowels and consonants in English differentiate from the tones (shunned) and the finals (yummy) in Chinese to a large extent even if they seem to be similar with their counterparts in pronunciation. (2) The ways of distinguishing meanings. Chinese distinguishes by tones, thus labeled as â€Å"tonal language†,@while English distinguishes meaning by the intonations of a sentence. Therefore, it named s â€Å"language with intonation† (3) Phonemic structure. The phonemes, which are restricted in the latter, are able t be combined freely in the former. Take spelling rules of the consonant for example.In English, [f] and [h] can be spelled together with which is not allowed in Chinese. Besides, all the consonants in English can come at the end of a syllable, while in Chinese only [n] and [Eng] are permitted. These differences cause great difficulties for the Chinese students in their acquisition of English pronunciation. Another difficulty for them is that the two languages differ in rhythms as well. Each possesses its characteristics on applying on tone or place of stress to distinguish the word's meaning, and on the conveying a speaker tone or attitudes by means of various intonations. 1] @ Besides, there exist any other difficulties. 1. 1. 2 The transfer of mother tongue Chin Ling holds that the i nfluence of the mother tongue on the foreign language learning is mainly illustrated on the course of â€Å"transfer† between external and internal languages. External language refers too language which a person utters in his daily talks, while the internal language refers to a language which a person utilizes when thinking with his brain instead of speaking it out. Both languages serve as materials, basis as well as tools for thinking activity.A person is used applying his mother tongue or native dialect as his internal language at the beginning of learning a foreign language. Nevertheless, he may be forced to use external language that is understandable for both interlocutors in real communications. As a result, a problem arises in that external language is different from internal language. Consequently, the differences will produce the â€Å"negative transfer†. @The greater the preference is, the greater the difficulty is. [2] Totally speaking, I was tired of Englis h study in view of these difficulties during that time. 1. 2 Difficulties of inaccurate memory of English vocabulary.As we all know, vocabulary is vital for Chinese English learner, especially for the middle school students. Because only in this stage can we have a specific idea of the English. When I was in middle school, my English teacher would teach students many vocabularies every single day that we could not memory in one night. Gradually, I ran into many difficulties in English study. Recently, I read a paper with respect to the study of vocabulary learning in middle school. The author said,† The appearance of such difficulties is because the burden of English learning, the compulsory learning mode and the lacking of vocabulary learning strategies. [3]Len order to verify his assumptions, the author did experiment among the students in are divided into two classes. They are comparative class and experimental class. During the experiment, they used the old and direct voca bulary teaching mode in the former and the associative vocabulary teaching in the latter. Finally, the date shows hat after 12-week training in vocabulary learning strategy, the students of the experimental class improved their vocabulary learning ability, which is higher than that in the comparative class.The survey showed that if the students who are to meet the requirement of teacher and confine the vocabulary memory to the word lists, are proved to be less active. By comparing my English study in middle school, I thought those phenomena are also occurred on me. 2. The second acquaintance with English in high school?enthusiasm of English study Fortunately, these obstacles had not accompanied me into high school. I met excellent teachers, then grasped the method of English learning and finally set a goal for me. 2. 1 The improvement of English autonomous learning ability English teaching is not simply to teach students knowledge.The most important thing is to develop their autonom ous learning ability through teaching activities. My English teacher gave me a lot of help. Her guidance in the process of my English study aroused my great interest in English. My English teacher tried to progress from traditional teacher-centered teaching to the student-centered method. She liked to cultivate our independent learning ability. She inspired us to interact with her, proposed to audaciously ask questions and let us to do English presentations in open forms. Thanks to my dear English teacher, I regained the enthusiasm about English learning.Admittedly, it is essential for the students to have teacher's innovative guideline. The American psychologist Moscow believes that this is the best way to encourage students to express their opinion and foster their enthusiasm to learn the knowledge and build the formation of healthy personality by establishing the sincere mutual understanding teacher-student relationship. The reason for why I could become enthusiastic about Englis h study was not only owing to my teacher's help, but also the changing of my English learning method.The reason for why I could improve my English is as follows: Firstly, grasp teacher's lecture feature and the characteristics of the various disciplines. Secondly, review and prepare for new knowledge. Thirdly, interact with teacher in class. Gradually, I found that my English scored higher than the previous. Until now, I am deeply aware of the importance of independent learning. As a Chinese saying goes, â€Å"give man a sis, he will have a meal; teach him to fish, he will have the food all his life. † focuses on students' subjectivity and initiative in order to make students how to study and achieve life-long learning and development.And it is not the one side of my story. It has already been studied by others. The concept of â€Å"autonomous learning† (Holes) ($) originated in the asses. He expresses, â€Å"English as a conceptual tool which further developed its de finition. † [4] Benson and Evolve believe, â€Å"autonomous learning is not only the freedom of learning, but a good opportunity to form independent thinking ability as adult. [5] Little believes that the essence of the â€Å"autonomous learning† is a kind of ability such as â€Å"independent, critical reflection and decision-making. [6] Learners need to arouse their awareness of what to learn and how to learn. Also American futurist Alvin-Toffee once said,† The illiteracy in the future is not the one who don't know the word, but the one who do not know how to learn. † In addition to the previous factors, learning motivation is proved to be the essential factor. Motivation is the prime power of all activities. In the process of learning, many psychological factors can convert into the inner motivation, including interest, values and so on. As Www [email  protected] in his A Review of research on foreign language Learner's motivation. [email  protected] Arouse appropriate learning deeds, it can make students go into learning state and learn English initiative. † [7] I can not agree with his idea any more. When I was in high school, I still remembered that even a little achievement could take me great motivation. And this motivation accompanied me to go to university. 3. The third acquaintance with English at the university?passiveness of English After I come into university, I find that I become less positive towards English earning than ever before.And the reasons are as follows: A study of engineering students in Yemen by Taft AY-Tamil Candy Minor Squib cited previous research that found two classes of motivation for learning English: instrumental and integrative orientation. A person, who learns the language in hopes of gaining some tangible benefit, such as success in a Job or fulfilling an academic requirement, is instrumentally motivated. A person with integrative motivation learns English because he or she wishes to l earn more about the culture of the Western world or become more integrated into English-speaking society. ] And I belong to the former. I learn the English in order to regard it as a tool for my future occupation. 3. 1 Personal attitudes towards English study determined by his attitudes towards the other group in particular and by his orientation towards the learning task itself. And I totally agree with it. † [9] A positive attitude toward learning the English language is one of the leading predictors of success in gaining fluency. However, as mentioned above, I am not truly love English, but regard it as a tool of getting a Job. During this stage, my English study doe not make much progress.In the above paragraphs, I have made detailed explanation about my three stages of English study. From this paper, people can see that if one wants to get a good command of English, he must perfectly grasp these aspects: have a series of learning methods, take positive attitude toward Eng lish (namely the understanding of autonomous English learning) and pay particular attention to the pronunciation of English. Besides, the external factors are also of great importance such as the teacher's teaching methods, the environment that people are situated in and so on. As for me, my English study does not do a good Job.No matter what stage do you belong to, I believe that this paper can be beneficial to your English study. Serve to distinguish one utterance from another in a language or dialect. @Tonal language: A tonal language is a language in which pitch is used as a part of speech, changing the meaning of a word. An example of how tone can change the meaning of a word can be found in English: the word â€Å"present† can be used as a verb or a noun, with a stress on the first or second syllable changing the meaning. In tonal languages, the way in which you say a word is very important, as it radically hinges the meaning.Tonal languages are found primarily in Asia, Africa, and South America. @alienation: Intonation is a word used to refer to how a sentence sounds. How a sentence sounds if it's a question sounds different from how a sentence sounds if it's a statement @Negative transfer: Negative transfer is a situation where a person transfers old learning and knowledge to a new situation, and the old information interferes with new information acquisition and task performance. This can be inconvenient or dangerous, depending on the type of situation involved.

Causes of Teenage Suicide

Causes of Teenage Suicide Essay Teenage suicide is one of the major problems in our society nowadays. Parents struggle to hold their children from a rash venture, but they have no idea that every child is an individual with overwhelming feelings, emotions, and thoughts. While there are plenty of argumentative and expository articles on the Internet with explanation and instruction concerning prevention of teen suicide, parents should find a way with their children, be calm and let their children understand that they can trust their parents. Outline1 Introduction: What is teen suicide?2 What are the causes and effects?3 Conclusion Introduction: What is teen suicide? The majority of people does not really know why teens end up falling back on suicide attempts. They know only the information presented by the media. According to mass media, suicide attempts are common among those teens who suffer depression, violence, abuse, any form of bullying and anxiety. However, if people turned to social sciences such as psychology, sociology or anthropology, they would understand that this problem lies deeper than they thought. Teen suicide has different meanings in different societies. People in our society usually think about suicide as the way to escape problems or as the only solution of all the problems that teens face in their adolescent years. But in other societies, as for example in Micronesia, the youth treats the suicide just the same as smoking or another way to express themselves. According to Gladwell, in Micronesia, teenagers like to experiment with the death just as our youngsters with smoking. Boys and girls in that areas think about suicide as some kind of game. They hang themselves or put their heads in a noose just to entertain themselves. Therefore, there is a risk that they will die from anoxaemia, just as our teens would die from lung cancer and other diseases. What are the causes and effects? From the point of view of anthropology, the youth of the First Nations and other indigenous peoples decide to commit suicide not only because of the depression or stress but because of drink or drug abuse, caused by the cultural and societal collapse. These people are no longer able to control their lives because of the immigrants and governmental laws. It decreases the sense of human worth and life in general and increases the rate of teen suicide. When it comes to sociology, the scientists are certain that the origins of the teen suicide among the First Nations youth are traced back to times when the government tried to assimilate indigenous people to Canadian and European ones. The government established facilities that were oriented on integration and assimilation of Aboriginal and non- Aboriginal people. Such a policy has changed and embittered lives of thousands of people causing irreparable harm for the next generations. It has created a sense of inferiority and deprivation of rights among the youth. Such a cultural collapse has evaluated the importance of lives for the indigenous people nowadays and increase the rate of teen suicide. Psychologists, as representatives of one of the social sciences, have their own explanation and understanding of the suicide.   The psychological state of the individual is the most important aspect when it comes to suicide. One of the causes why the Indigenous people choose death can be the fact that they are not able to satisfy their needs when it comes to accommodation, fitting in society and cultural respect. Moreover, they   don’t feel safe and secure in the environment they are living. The lack of understanding, love, relationships, and sense of belonging leads to an emotionally unstable state. Negative thoughts are overwhelming, the feeling of grief and uselessness prevails causing people to think that they lost their identity and death is the only solution. READ: LInk between homeless and psychological disorders EssayIn his book, M. Gladwell stated that the suicide is committed under the influence of the contagious effect. In some countries, the suicide has become the way of showing your identity and individuality. Gladwell claims that as soon as the media started the publication of suicide stories, the suicide rate has rapidly increased. The research has shown that those under the action of contagious effect, died in the same way as the people by whose death they had been influenced. As Gladwell states, the publication of the suicide story where the victim died in car crash resulted in a growing number of such accidents. Conclusion As a conclusion, it is necessary to admit that teenage suicide is an irretrievable loss for families, friends, colleagues, colleges, and schools. The effects that close people suffer after such losses include depression, the feeling of regret and grief. They are no longer able to live lives to the fullest. To prevent such a loss, parents should always be kind to their children and treat them as individuals. Love, respect, care, understanding, and trust are the most important constituents of the upbringing of your child. Provide your children with the right insight of the world and point out the important values in life in order to set them on the right track.

Corporate Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate Law - Assignment Example The minority shareholders are often acknowledged as institutional investors among different business entities who play a limited function in influencing the background of corporate governance construction. This is majorly due to the fact that the presence of the majority shareholders within a business firm owning the rights to partially control its decision making process often facilitates significant sources of conflicts affecting the interests of the minority shareholders. It is worth mentioning in this regard that the minority shareholders posses certain rights which may be accessible in accordance with any ‘state close corporation laws’. These rights generally include amending corporate by-laws, voting during the election of the directors and organizing as well as managing annual meetings related with the shareholders among others as mentioned in the articles of association and memorandum. It has often been observed that the minority shareholders or the institutional investors find it to be quite challenging to exercise the aforementioned rights in a smooth way witnessing minimum disruptions. This is simply because the majority shareholders tend to dominantly control the business operations as they bear large proportion or percentage of shares along with various decision-making rights concerning the corporate governance structure of the particular entity. As the majority shareholders possess a maximum quantity of shares, it has been viewed that the interests of minority shareholders are being oppressed by several means.

Soils report Lab Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Soils - Lab Report Example The moisture content at the boundary is normally defined as the water content at which the two halves of the soil cake will flow together for a distance of about half inch. The plasticity index on the other hand is the numerical difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit and this number is normally dimensionless (Day, 2005). Both the liquid and the plastic limits are used to express the moisture content in the soil. The plasticity index is the difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit. For the consolidation test, the pressure void relationship in the soil can be determined. This data is very important in the determination of the compression index of the soil and the pre-consolidation pressure (Day, 2005). Additionally, this data can be used o determine the coefficient of consolidation of the soil. The sieve test is carried out to determine the percentage of the different grains that are contained in the soil. The mechanical sieve analysis is carried out to determine the distribution of the coarse and the medium grained grains. It must be conducted within the ASTM D 422 - Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils. The soil sample is weighed and recorded. The sizes of the particles are determined on a size with different sizes of the sieve holes. The soil is dried on an oven at a temperature of about 1050C -1100C. The weight of the dry soil is measured and recorded. The same procedure is repeated for the medium grained soil particles and the coarse grained particles for comparison. A sample of soil is taken and transferred to a glass plate. Water is added to the soil sample and mixed to for a paste. The soil paste is then placed in an airtight container. Using the penetration cone, the top surface of the soil is touched to and used as the starting point for the measurements. The dial gauge is then lowered to connect the cone shaft and the reading on the dial gauge is

The earth did not devour him by tomas rivera Essay

The earth did not devour him by tomas rivera - Essay Example The first and last stories construct the book as specifically starting and conclusively narration. . It depicts the migrant Chicano workers who are in no better condition than slaves; in fact they are probably worse off. Slaves were the property of owners who regarded upon whom they had invested money and accordingly were taken care of as â€Å"valued financial investments.† The migrant workers were not considered investments, and were living and working in conditions of slavery without even the basic reimbursement. (Tomas Rivera, â€Å"Remembering, Discovery and Volition in the Literary Imaginative Process,† in Tomas Rivera: The Complete Works (1975). The narration of Tomas Rivera’s books ‘the earth did not devour him† is about the predicament and patient survival of Mexican American farm workers, which has made prominent and strengthened the Chicano national perception. The narration is part of the author’s personal experience while working o n a farm during his youth, because his parents were migrant workers. The quality of the book is the way that the subject matter poses a challenge to readers and critics alike. The narration begins with the story â€Å"The Lost Year† and continues with thirteen short unnamed essays and twelve essays that are named and end with the story â€Å"Under the House†. ... .  Ã‚   With the expansion of American modernizing influences, the pressure on the migrant workers increased to become a part of American culture, which further exacerbated and makes worse the plight of the migrant’s already dismal state of affairs. This disorderly and turbulent state of affairs is accessed through the mind of a Mexican American boy, who evaluates his feelings of ethnic indecision by questioning his community’s customary way of life. Some of the short essays depict irregular attempts by the boy to congregate his thoughts and feelings towards successive development for rational intelligibility. In the course of his steady allusion to darkness, night, or sleep in all the essays, Rivera strengthens the boy’s succession from mental vagueness about his community’s knowledge to academic clarification regarding the community’s circumstances and the way of life. Although not linked to any particular change towards explanation, there are s everal referrals to darkness, night and sleep which intensify the book’s complete fascination with night and the darkness. The events in the narration consists of several essays of events that occur at night, such â€Å"what his mother never knew† as the water that his mother placed under his bed for the spirits and which he drank every night, or in the essay â€Å"She had fallen asleep† which tells about a fortune teller meeting with a family, or â€Å"Hands in His Pocket† a boy cannot sleep his first night in a bizarre, disconcerting room. This short essay again refers to the night when the same boy who cannot sleep in a strange room, has to drag a dead man to his grave when it gets very dark. Other essay such as the â€Å"The Night the Lights Went out† and â€Å"First Communion â€Å" also refers to night and sleep, when

The Automobile in American History and Culture Essay

The Automobile in American History and Culture - Essay Example Cars operate on the four-stroke combustion cycle to convert the gasoline into motion (Gottlieb, 1997). The four-stroke combustion cycle is also known as the Otto cycle a name that honors Nikolaus Otto who invented the technology in 1867. Successive improvements on both the technology and other features of a car have resulted in the near perfect modern car that boasts of increased efficiency. Â  Development of the car engine readily manifests in the features of the contemporary car engine most of which portray dedicated technological improvements that succeeded in the modern day engine from the traditional engine invented hundreds of years ago. Among the features that prove the difference are engine sizes, efficiency, power and supporting components among many others. Efficiency in the modern car engines arises from the completeness of combustion. Engines emit smoke through the exhaust pipes depicting the incompleteness of the combustion (Brain, 2014). Old engines, for example, emitted more smoke and thus consumed more gasoline per mile. This arose from particular features of the engine that inventors improved progressively thereby resulting in the modern day engine. Direct injection, for example, is a major invention that has increased the efficiency of combustion thereby reducing the fuel consumption of cars while increasing the power that engines produce. Additionally , the reduced amount of smoke that modern engines emit has reduced the amount of pollution, which was a major concern with the traditional engines (Norman, 1902). Â  Other features of the modern engine that improves its efficiency include mechanisms of compressing air and cylinder deactivation. Air compression ensures that the gasoline receives adequate air to sustain efficient combustion of the fuel.

Principles of Operations Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Principles of Operations Management - Assignment Example Receipt of raw materials and dispatch of products From the requirements projected it is learned that this firm has a receipt of raw materials and dispatch of produced goods in quite reasonable quality. This demands the following. a) Receipt area should be near to the road, b) Receipt area has sufficient vehicle parking area. c) Receipt area has sufficient space for material handling equipments and men to work. d) Dispatch area should again be near to road e) In order to avoid difficulties in traffic management ,both receipt and dispatch area is required to be at both axis. Re-Layout of shop floor Generally when considering a re lay out the following should be kept in the mind. a)saving space by utilizing unused areas, b)save resources by reducing distances between similar machineries and related process, c) arrange the equipments/machineries/steps in progressive manner, d) save man and machine efforts by placing more of raw/incomplete products in a given sequence to achieve shorter distance, e)further developments :- always think 10 years in advance and anticipate the automation and use of robots for all production activities. Justification of layout of sections 1. Saw Sawing is given 90 sqm according to the requirement. It need to be near the entrance to facilitate easy movements of raw materials to the shop. Since here the receipt of raw materials is involved there will be lot of movements of personnel consignment carriers had own supervisors and workers. Hence it is located next to the walkway .IT is placed near to the road at the approach to facilitate sufficient parking space to the vehicles. safety of the workers is very important at this sect. 2. Press 1 This is a process required immediately after sawing. Hence need to be next or near to sawing area to

(persuasive speech) Preventing exposing our kids to Violent video Speech or Presentation

(persuasive ) Preventing exposing our kids to Violent video games (negative effects of violent video games on youth) - Speech or Presentation Example Video games are also a component of the media and the usage of video games has greatly increased over the years as a form of entertainment. With the surge in the playing of video games, the negative aspects of the video games have come forward and have been highlighted. A strong link between playing violent video games and the increase in the rate of crime amongst youths has been portrayed and many criminal acts have been associated with exposure to violence in video games. Video games have become an essential form of entertainment for youths and the increasing popularity can be analyzed from the fact that children who are as young as two years of age play video games on an average of one hour every day. This tends to increase with age and children between the age group of 8 to 13 years play video games for more than approximately 7.5 hours in a single week. Furthermore another very important aspect that has been indicated by a research is that teenagers presented the fact that the g ames that they bought and played were not reviewed by their parents. Thus there is no regulation on the type of video games that these children play (Anderson et al 2001). It has also been analyzed that 75 percent of the games that are played by teenagers are not meant for their age and have a large amount of violence portrayed in them (Adams, 2010). Video games date back from the years following 1970. The creation of video games itself was not an issue of debate but arguments arose with regard to video games when violent video games were brought into the market. These included Death Race 2000, Mortal Kombat, Street Fighter, Wolfenstein 3D and Night Trap. These video games all follow violent themes and patterns and were objected upon. Such controversies were a threat for the video game industry and in the year 1994 Entertainment Software Rating Board came into existence which was meant to regulate the violence and sexual material of the video games. This served to be an important st ep owing to the fact that a controlling measure was essential for keeping a check on the type of video games that came in the market. Researches indicated the fact that there was greater popularity of violent video games and 59 percent of girls and 73 percent of boys in their fourth year of school preferred violent games over the other ones. The matter became a subject of national concern and the Supreme Court of the United States issued a decision that it may put bans on violent video games owing to the negative aspects of these issues (Anderson et al 2001; Greenberg 2007; Suddath 2010). Important incidents have served as eye openers with regard to this subject. The killing of a six year old girl named Zoe by her sister and her boyfriend was a shocking incident. Zoe became the target of her sister Heather Trujillo who was 16 years old and her boyfriend Lamar Roberts who was 17 years old. According to reports, Heather and her boyfriend were greatly inspired by the game Mortal Combat and were practicing the moves of the game on Zoe. This resulted in Zoe suffering from multiple fractures and eventually her death (McPhee 2007). The death of Zoe was a tragic incident. Children should be allowed to play video games but parental supervision is an extremely essential step that needs to be taken. Parents should guide their children and they should keep fixed hours for their games. They

State Machine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

State Machine - Essay Example Suitable choice of semantics for state machines allows multiple machines to be composed in the description of a single object. State diagram can be used to graphically represent finite state machines. This was introduced by Taylor Booth in his 1967 book "Sequential Machines and Automata Theory". Another possible representation is the State transition table. The mealy model for a state machine is one in which the outputs are a function of both the present state and the input. It is a general model for state machines, and assumes that there are two types of inputs; clock inputs and data inputs. The clock inputs cause the state transitions and gate'' the outputs, (so the outputs are really pulse'' outputs; i.e., they are valid only when the clock is asserted). The data transitions determine the values of next-states and outputs. Essentially, the clock inputs control the timing of the state transitions and outputs, while the data inputs determine their values. In this model outputs are associated with the states of the device. In the Moore machine, the outputs are stable for the full time the device is in a given state. (The outputs are said to be level'' outputs, and are valid even when the clock inputs are not asserted.). Again, there are two types of inputs, clock inputs and data inputs. In this case, however, the clock inputs only directly enable the state transitions. ... In general, we can say that; it is possible to convert any Mealy type machine into an equivalent Moore type machine, and vice-versa. First, we must define what we mean for two state machines to be equivalent. Two state machines are said to be equivalent if they produce exactly the same output for all inputs. Consequently, to derive an equivalent Moore machine from a Mealy machine, it must be possible to guarantee that the two machines produce the same output after any arbitrary input string has been input. This can be done by splitting all the Mealy states corresponding to different outputs, and ensuring that these states are connected to next-states which correspond to equivalent states in the original Mealy machine. Reference: 1. http://web.cs.mun.ca/paul/cs3724/material/web/notes/node25.html 2.

The Power of Religion Essay Example for Free

The Power of Religion Essay In a very rapidly evolving economy and society the power of religion, culture and politics are making a major effect on the world that everyone today calls home. The power of religion, culture and politics relate to the post colonial literary lens and can be synced into creating the definition of what the post colonial literary lens means. In the New York Times bestseller written by John Updike titled Terrorist, the post colonial lens is evident throughout the novel as there is a continuous struggle of religion, culture and politics. The power of religion and culture is shown as individuals are willing to risk their lives for their own religion. In the United States of America members of the Muslim religion are not always treated as equally as the average American and this creates a struggle. The effects and struggles are shown throughout the novel from three of the main characters Ahmad Mulloy, Jack Levy and Shaikh Rashid. Ahmad Mulloy is an eighteen year old boy who is about to graduate high school and is strongly influenced by his Muslim religion and background beliefs. Jack Levy is the guidance councilor at the school that Ahmad attends and sees the intelligence in Ahmad when others do not including Ahmad himself. Shaikh Rashid is the leader of the local mosque that Ahmad attends frequently for advice and to pray. Through these three very different characters the post colonial lens is shown in different ways. At the beginning of the novel it is evident that the Muslim religion is not welcomed and appreciated in the American society of Patterson, New Jersey where Ahmad has been raised. Ahmad has a hatred for his mother Teresa Mulloy who raised him from a child, but on the flip side he idolizes his absent father who left Ahmad and his mother when he was only three years old. The power of the Muslim religion on Ahmad is present right from the beginning of the novel as he has sexual impulses towards another girl at his high school named Joryleen. The power of the Muslim religion on Ahmad can be seen when â€Å"Ahmad knows it is a sin to be vulgar towards his own god and that is why his sexual impulses for Joryleen dissipated,† (Updike, 18). Ahmad had sexual impulses towards a fellow schoolmate Joryleen who he had a crush on but God instructed him to repress them as it is a sin to have thoughts like this occupying your head. The power of religion is shown as he forces himself to give up thoughts that make him happy and excites him because it is not welcomed by the God in which he finds himself in the arms of. Moving through the novel Ahmad who is a very intelligent young adult has a desire to be a truck driver as he is convinced that it is a practical skill of good merit. Ahmad is also very frightened by the thoughts that continuing his academic studies in high school will strengthen his occasional religious doubt. While Ahmad is sitting in class his thoughts are doubtful, â€Å"sitting in class listening to his fellow classmates discuss what they are doing on the weekend, he realizes that he is not doing as much to keep up with his religion as he did in the past,† (Updike, 64). Ahmad has been in school and is realizing that the effects of an American public high school is changing his views on his religion and in his mind he believes he is betraying his God and this frightens him. He realizes tha t he needs to get out of school because it is manipulating him into a non-Islamic minded American like all of the others. He decides to drop out of school and become a truck driver and focus more on his religion and practicing the Muslim religion and this is why he begins going to a local mosque frequently. Moving on towards the ending of the novel Ahmad has become a very big believer in the Muslim religion and it is overpowering his thoughts on what is politically right and right in his religion. Ahmad’s involvement in the local mosque that he attends has got him involved in a terrorist plot against American infidels or non-Muslims. Shaikh Rashid who is the leader of the mosque Ahmad visits frequently begins going through the terrorist plot â€Å"Ahmad you will be driving the truck that is going to be used to blow up the Lincoln Tunnel under the Hudson River,† (Updike, 196). Ahmad is willing to risk his life by blowing himself up in the blast of the Lincoln Tunnel for the Muslim religion he believes in and stands so strongly behind. The power and impact of others and God on Ahmad is evident in showing how the power of religion is used and shown in the novel as not many people are willing to go to the extent of killing themselves to prove that they are true to their religion and beliefs. Throughout the novel Ahmad goes from losing his beliefs in the Muslim religion to realizing that his religion is what sets him free from everybody else and it is what he cares so strongly about. Moving throughout the novel and after Ahmad had realized that he needs to put more focus into his Muslim religion he meets a man named Shaikh Rashid. Shaikh is Ahmad’s imam at the local mosque that Ahmad begins to attend and his visits become more frequent as he gets closer to Shaikh. This man worked as Ahmad’s imam and mentor and this kept Ahmad going back and back to the mosque more frequently as he liked to associate himself with Shaikh. A good time in the novel where this is shown is when Ahmad left school to go to the mosque, â€Å"the streets were empty as everybody was in class learning and as Ahmad was about to learn more about himself,† (104). Shaikh was a great mentor for Ahmad and this is shown as he would give up going to school to further his beliefs in the Muslim religion. Shaikh agrees with Ahmad’s decision to give up going to school and focus on his religion because he also agreed that by continuing the opportunity of going to school it wou ld further corrupt his mindset on the Muslim religion. This would occur because Ahmad would have more American based beliefs pushed into his mind every day at the public high school he was enrolled in. Continuing deeper into the novel Shaikh found Ahmad a job with a furniture company called Excellency Home Furnishings and at this point Ahmad began trusting Shaikh more and more as he was helping him move on from high school. Shaikh announced the news to Ahmad about him finding him the job at Excellency Home Furnishings and this lead to Ahmad being more independent and without his mother. Ahmad shows this when he says, â€Å"My mother has tried to strip me down of my true Muslim desires for her own comfort,† (141). Shaikh has made Ahmad believe that his mother was a bad influence on him as it is evident that she did not put any focus into his background and where he came from. Ahmad does not feel the need for his mother anymore and begins being more independent because his mother is the only person in his life and she does not believe in the Muslim religion. To Ahmad this means that it is just him and the people he knows from the mosque now as he sees them as more caring towards him than his own mother. The power of Ahmad’s religion has pushed him right out of his mother’s arms and into the arms of fellow Muslims at the mosque. Shaikh turns out to be a very manipulative person and has mentored Ahmad for his own benefit and the job at the furniture company just turns out to be part of the plan. Shaikh manipulates Ahmad to participate in the terrorist bomb plot to blow up the Lincoln Tunnel under the Hudson River. Shaikh has gotten Ahmad taken over by the Muslim religion and says, â€Å"Already you have lived longer than many martyrs in Iran and Iraq,† (195). Shaikh has used the power of religion to manipulate Ahmad into participating in the terrorist plot and sacrificing his own life. The power of the Muslim religion has taken Ahmad fully over and it had been pressured upon him by Shaikh who is also a strong believer. Ahmad has felt let down by both of his parents and feels as if there is no life left in him; this is his calling to be a true Muslim and to prove that he is a pure believer. Shaikh used the power of religion to get a young adult to sacrifice his life for something that he himself was to coward to do alone. Throughout the novel Shaikh uses the power of religion to manipulate a young adult to do things he never would have done on his own. The power of the Muslim religion is proven when Ahmad follows through on the sacrifice of his life even after he finds out that is was staged. Lastly, the power of religion on Ahmad can also be seen through the interactions with the guidance councilor of the high school where Ahmad was attending. Jack Levy is an American Jew who had abandoned practicing his religion earlier on in his life. Jack in the novel showed that he cared for Ahmad quite a bit after visiting his mother to try and get her support in pushing Ahmad to further educate himself at the college level as he is very intelligent. Jack comes across as a nice and caring guy as he is trying to help Ahmad make the right choice in his life as shown when he goes to talk to his mother Teresa Mulloy â€Å"hello Ms. Mulloy, I am Jack Levy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (176). Jack and Ahmad’s mother both agreed into trying to push Ahmad towards going to college but Ahmad disagreed. He thought about what abandoning his religion got Jack and it got him nowhere, he became one of many Americans who is in an unhealthy marriage and lives every day of his life facing coming home to an o bese wife. To Ahmad he cannot abandon his religion because putting more belief into it has changed who he is and how he does things. He is not risking of getting this happiness and freedom that he sees in the Muslim religion taken from him by going to college. Moving on into the conflict between Jack and Ahmad, each of them learn more about each other and many things come as surprise to both of them. One of the things that Ahmad learns about Jack is that he has been having an affair with his mother for the past three months. Ahmad learns this when Jack tries to have an honest conversation with him and says, â€Å"I have been having an affair with your mother for the last three months,† (213). This is the last string for Ahmad as he sees that Jack abandoning his religion has turned him into a sinner and a cheater as he cheated on his wife. The last thing that Ahmad wants is to turn out like Jack and share the same American non-Islamic beliefs. At this point Jack realizes that what he has just told Ahmad has pushed him further away and his mind more on continuing his religious practice. The power of the Muslim religion on Ahmad has him unwilling to turn into and die a sinner and thus is why he continues in his terrorist plot. Coming towards the end of the novel Ahmad is not looking back and has no regrets. He continues his trek to blow up the Lincoln Tunnel under the Hudson River. Nothing can stop him at this point and this is seen when â€Å"Ahmad while approaching the meeting point in the bomb-laden truck does not see his accomplices,† (274). On the day of the planned terrorist plot Ahmad’s accomplices are not at the planned meeting place but the mission must continue in Ahmad’s mind. Ahmad avoids being arrested by federal agents and continues his suicide mission alone as he has no intentions of turning around. Jack hears about this planned plot and tries to stop Ahmad but is ignored as Ahmad drives past him. At this point for Ahmad it is sacrificing his life because to him it is the right thing to do as his God is telling him to do it. He had two choices to continue the mission or to stop and turn out like the other American non-Islamic people and he did not want to turn out like them. The power of religion upon Ahmad is very evident and Jack Levy is used to show that nobody could stop Ahmad as the power of his beliefs caused him to get involved with criminal activity but it is what the Muslim God wanted for him. Finally, the aspects of the post colonial lens such as the power of religion, culture and politics are very evident in this novel. The power behind the belief in the Muslim religion is shown through Ahmad as the novel progresses and it is evident that no religion should be challenged. The struggle of American non-Islamic citizens on a true believer of the Islamic Muslim religion is seen throughout the novel. Evident characters in the novel that fall victim to these struggles are Ahmad, Shaikh and Jack. Ahmad was the biggest person in the novel that was influenced by the Muslim religion and proves that religion is very powerful as shows the willingness to sacrifice his life for his God. Shaikh is the main person involved in Ahmad’s life as he taught him a lot about himself and motivated him also. Although seen the motivation not always to be a good thing in his mind it was right, he strongly believed that. Jack is the one who saw well in Ahmad but failed to be able to help him because at this point Jack was only fueling Ahmad’s terrorist plot activity. Throughout the novel the power of religion surprises everybody and it is proof that nobody should challenge another person’s beliefs because it is infuriating and this is shown through Ahmad’s activities towards the end of the novel. Works Cited Updike, John. Terrorist. New York: The Random House Publishing Group. 2006. 310.

Art Of Racing Essay Example for Free

Art Of Racing Essay Denny Swift is a very intellectual human being, especially when it is go time on the asphalt racing strip. He puts his mind into race mode and lets the auto pilot take over and slide through all the corners, especially in the rainy weather that dissipates others. This complex character is a rare human being, not for the reason of being a good racer in the rain. But he takes responsibility, when something happens from a decision whether he’s wrong or right he owns up to it. Either taking the success with triumph or openly accepting the fact of being wrong. When he is wrong he try’s his very hardest to resolve the situation, and fix things rather than putting it off to others or blaming it on someone else. But no matter what in any situation he implies the thoughts of others and taking them into consideration as well for what other characters in the book have to say and how they feel. When Eve was sick she didn’t want him to see, her like that and when Eve demanded Denny to leave he listened, also leaving Enzo by her side and Zoe in the care of Eve’s Parents. The real other half of Denny is his automobile racing career. He is a very experienced and intellectual racer, Denny’s skill on the track are unbelievable especially in the rain. He is able to predict what to do in situations on the track before they happen, turning before sliding, sliding before turning. A quote he says which is â€Å" What we manifest is before us†, meaning by decisions we make affects our future turn out and relates to his racing because he makes a move before its made for him. The part about Denny’s career would be the time he has off the track because it is limited. He has to practise in order to get better, which is more and more time away from his family and his best friend Enzo. His racing can relate to his life, every choice he makes can affect his way of life. Just like every move on the track can affect your outcome at the finish line. To be a very good racer, not only do you need the skills but the will power to push the limits and be better than everyone. Denny executes dangerous maneuvers to be first to cross the finish line first. Denny try’s his very hardest to be the best guy he can be whether it hurts him or not, and couldn’t be or do what he does without the support of his loved ones, Eve, Zoe and Enzo, the most  important people in Denny’s life that he cares most about.

Consumer behaviour in Brazil

Consumer behaviour in Brazil Brazil is the largest country in Latin America. The total population of Brazil is 170 million. The south east part of Brazil has the highest population and then comes the north east region. The GDP and per capita of the south east is more than that of the north east of Brazil. CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR The consumer behaviour in brazil to the detergent market is different in the north east and the south east of Brazil and is depended on many influences. One of the influence is the social influence. Social Influences North East Brazil South East Brazil Culture and sub culture 65% of the population are a mix of African and European origins and their lifestyles, rituals and values share an African influence. Music and humour are the key elements of their culture. Only 35% of the population share an African influence whereas the rest are the migrants from Europe. This part is the financial and the political hub of Brazil. Social class More than half of the population fall in the low income category .The economy is heavily dependent on agriculture. It is more labour intrinsic type of job. Most of the women in the family are housewives. Only 21% of the entire population fall in the low income category and most of the women are from the working class. Group Membership Most of the women meet and wash their clothes in public laundry or pond in a group. Cleanliness being an issue of gossip, every woman tend to keep their family clean to please the group. Most women own a washing machine so self esteem and social status is given less importance. The purchase behaviour of a customer depends on various factors as shown in the diagram below. The social influences are the subjective norms. Apart from price of the detergent, the important attributes for the north east customers as per the rankings are Power of detergent Its fragrance The ability to remove stains without the need of soap and bleach The dissolving power with the water Packaging Impact on colours Whereas the south eastern customers are habitual decision makers. They would prefer to use the same detergents that they are using unless they dont get any flaws. BRAND PLAYERS AND THEIR STRATEGIES UNILEVER: TOP BRANDS: Omo is the top brand of the portfolio and is considered as a high quality at a premium position which is for the high end market. Omo has more than half percentage of the total market share in Brazil .Minerva is a medium quality product with low brand awareness and second in market share. Campeiro is a well-known cheapest product but with a low top of the mind penetration. The target customers of Unilever were the high income segment. The highest profit margin that Unilever generates is from the sales of Omo. STRATEGY USED: With the help of brands like Omo Unilever was the market pioneer in Brazil and hence got the first mover advantage in the detergent sector. Unilever is the LEADER in the market. It followed the strategy whereby it created the most desirable market space in the minds of the consumers as seen by the Top-of-Mind-Awareness results. (Exhibit 8) Their main strategy is to advertise and increase the sales especially of Omo as the profits generated from their detergents proves a backbone for their expansion in food and personal care categories. Unilevers main line of promotion was through the media advertising. This is cost effective and irrespective of the income, Brazilians are avid television watchers. POSITIONING: The various products of Unilever are positioned as per the product and its appeal. Its positioning ranges from removal of stain by eliminating the need of bleach (Omo) to delivering pleasant smell and softness (Minerva) to cost reduction (Campeiro) DISTRIBUTION: Unilever had the daunting task of distributing to 75,000 small outlets in the Northeast. For this it relied on its existing network of generalist wholesalers and sometimes also on secondary, smaller local wholesalers. This however increased their cost. It also had the option of contracting with the specialized distributors. PROCTER GAMBLE: TOP BRANDS: Ace is of the superior quality and is still sold at a lower price than its second brand. Through research and development, their strategy would be to improve the price and the perceived quality of Bold and Ace which is in competition with Minerva and Omo respectively. STRATEGY USED: PG is a MARKET CHALLENGER which is aggressively trying to extend its market share. It has specific challenger strategies like VALUE PRICE GOODS AND SERVICES and IMPROVED SERVICES. The advertising is not very effective as the consumers dont have much knowledge or a top of the brand awareness as compared to the other brands in the market. POSITIONING: Like most of the products of Unilever their products are also positioned depending on the target customers. Two of their main products are positioned similar to Unilevers products e.g. Bold and Pop whereas Ace is positioned as a superior whiteness source. ASA ASA is a local Brazilian brand and is only popular in Northeast TOP BRANDS: Invicto which is an entry level detergent as it is a low cost detergent and valued by its customers. It is a key competitor of Campeiro and focuses on cost reduction across all dimensions. STRATEGY USED: They are the MARKET NICHERS and have been serving a special segment of the market as a whole. POSITIONING: Positioned like Campeiro i.e. as a low priced product SWOT OF UNILEVER IN BRAZIL (AS PER CASE) PRESENT SITUATION: Unilever is the pioneer of consumer goods industry in Brazil and a clear leader in the detergent powder category with an 81% market share achieved by brands like Omo, Minerva and Campeiro. The Brazilian fabric wash market consists of two categories: detergent powder and laundry soap. It faces a huge threat from PG and hence Unilever should look into tapping the niche markets before its competitors entry into them STRENGTHS: Detergent market pioneer in Brazil. Hence gained the first mover advantage which proved very favourable for its success Unilever is a strong brand in itself and has wide acceptance for its products all over the world Have a wide range of brands i.e. have a strong brand portfolio which caters to different market segments. For e.g. Omo is more technology oriented, Minerva clings to its emotional appeal and is a traditional brand, Campeiro focuses more on cost reduction They are innovative and customer centric in their approach. E.g. introduction of 4 new variants of Omo. Each of them have different properties targeted at specific needs of customers Detergents will always remain the cash cows for Unilever WEAKNESS: Difficult to make a selection with respect to cost effectiveness between the Generalist Wholesaler and Specialist Distributor since both could prove to be equally useful in its own way and once selected very hard to reverse Vast difference in distribution of social classes in the Southeast and Northeast. So similar strategies and products will not have the same result and might also vary vastly from the expected result especially in the Northeast Its brand Campeiro is perceived to be low on quality since it is also low priced High availability of substitute products OPPORTUNITY: Tap the niche market i.e. the untouched low income sector before the competitors penetrate there Change the positioning of detergents in the minds of the Northeasterners so as to increase the use quantitatively Make use of the high frequency of washing tendency in the Northeasterners which would improve product sales in this area Omo has the highest Top-of-Mind-Awareness amongst the Northeasterners (approximately 70%). This can be used as a way to generate awareness about Unilevers other brands and also for the product which needs to be directed to the lower income consumer segment (exhibit 8) Improvement in Brazils overall economic performance thereby improving the purchasing power of the natives and especially the lower income consumers Adopt appropriate strategy targeted at the lower income group so that Unilever successfully manages to tap all the classes of people Introduction of more technology based and innovative products like Omo THREATS: Rapid growth and improvement of PGs RD and marketing expertise Northeasterners manner of using detergents is different from the Southeasterners. As per this logic the use of detergents is less with the Northeasterners Preference of laundry soap over detergent powder in the Northeast. This would pose a challenge to the lower income consumer segment product which the company wishes to market Competitor brands like Bold, Pop and Invicto are direct competition to Minerva and Campeiro with regards to quality and price There is almost equal market penetration of the competitors brands with Unilevers brands. For e.g. Invicto, Ace, Campeiro (penetration in the range of 60-80%) Introduction of local products by smaller companies with better distribution Price war with other giants like PG UNILEVER IN BRAZIL As given in the case study, Unilever in Brazil has a strong 81% market share by means of its three brands: Omo, Minerva and Campeiro. Question at hand is Whether or not to market detergents to lower income consumers in Northeastern Brazil and How to go about it The lower income segment isnt tapped by any of the giants of the detergent industry hence it provides opportunity to the company for growth in this segment. Also there is a need for good products matching the flagship brand Omo combined with affordability as clearly seen by the example stated about Maria ConceiÇà £o. TREND IN BRAZIL: As per case study it is known that Northeasterners believe bleach is a must for removal of stains; detergent powder is used only to make the clothes smell good. For the Northeasterners cleanliness is perceived as important despite of their low income survival. Cleaning of clothes for them is also seen as a measure of dedication of the woman of the family. Hence the challenge is to change few age old perceptions and yet successfully make a mark in the lower income segment. For this Unilever will have to convert the laundry soap users into an Omo class user. This is a long term strategy but yet a feasible one. WHY CHOOSE LOWER INCOME GROUP: Enter lower income group segment before PG penetrates there Detergent market in this segment will always be a cash cow Need gap analysis shows that there is an existing need for good detergents in this market IMPLICATIONS OF MOVE: SHORT TERM IMPLICATIONS: First mover advantage, shift of investment of money in low price brand from premium brands LONG TERM IMPLICATIONS: Market leader in low income detergent market, without a shift in Omo customers the new brand will be able to attract lower income customers WHAT SHOULD BE DONE? There are various options with Unilever. Namely, Launch a new product in the market targeting the lower income consumer without cannibalizing its own premium brands extensively Reposition one of its existing brands Have a cheaper version of Omo/Minerva Carry out an extension of one of the existing brands I believe that Unilever in Brazil should carry out PRODUCT LINE EXTENSION. Hereby they should introduce an additional item in the same product category. Unilever should have an extension of its brand Minerva named Minerva Progress (similar to Omo Progress which removes difficult stains without bleach and laundry soap). Minerva Progress should be positioned between Omo and Minerva PROS: The positioning of product between Omo and Minerva will help gain visibility Can promote positively using Unilevers brand name Good market penetration of Minerva as a brand  [1]   CONS: Minerva as a brand is perceived to be a medium quality brand with less Top-of-Mind-Awareness  [2]   Fierce competition with PG brands like Bold and Ace WHY EXTENSION OF MINERVA: Not possible to have a low cost product under the Omo brand since this would confuse the consumers about the original Omos credibility Launch of a new product will not be cost effective Having an extension of Campeiro might not be successful due to the original image of the brand as a cheap quality brand Repositioning of any of the top brands might confuse the consumers and Unilever might lose its loyal customers Minerva having a good market penetration can perform well if the positioning for the extended product is done appropriately. Also as per Exhibit 8 the consumers in the Northeast have good knowledge about the Minerva brand (rated second after Omo). Hence the company should capitalize on this fact and thereby build a route to tap its lower income segment by using the brand name. A MARKET RESEARCH SHOULD BE CARRIED OUT TO UNDERSTAND THE RANGE IN WHICH THE CUSTOMERS WOULD BE WILLING TO SPEND MARKETING MIX OF MINERVA PROGRESS: PRODUCT: A new formula should be produced to match the requirements of the customers and at the same time not increasing the cost Product should have attributes as per requirement of the lower income segment especially cleanliness, whitening and productivity  [3]   Along with price the product should match the six key attributes important to this segment. Formulation should have more emphasis on stain removing capability while keeping Minervas original features intact like perfume and softness The product should be made available in various sizes and types. This would be apt for customers who do not use a large quantity of product per month. This would also give a notional feeling to the customer of having spent less Use of packaging other than cardboard boxes e.g. plastic sachet PRICE: The price of the product should be affordable for the lower income consumers The company is increasing the cost on formulation and nullifying it by cutting down on packaging charges The product should be such that it is priced less than Omo and Minerva itself but a little more than Campeiro Unilever should adopt PENETRATION PRICINGfor its product whereby the profit margin for Unilever would be less but it would maximize unit sales and increase market share in this segment Adoption of penetration pricing would also discourage the competitors entry Also initially Unilever can have an INTRODUCTORY PRICE for the product which would encourage people to purchase the product SUGGESTION: Unilever can also get into backward integration to reduce its cost thereby managing to produce low priced products PLACE Unilever should sell its products at all places in the Northeast Since the big shopping malls are perceived to be expensive it should display its products at local stores Unilever should display Minerva Progress along with Omo. This is because Omo itself has a good image that even this product will be highlighted to all the customers PROMOTION Product should not be advertised as a product meant only for the low income group since this might create a negative impression about the company Medium like hoardings, radio, television should be used Above the line promotion should be emphasized on more than below the line advertising Sales promotion activities should also be carried out heavily which are directed at the customers DISTRIBUTION: Intensive distribution should be used to make the product available extensively in all the retail outlets To target the lower income segment Unilever should adopt the Specialized Distribution method as given in Exhibit 13 PUSH STRATEGY: Initially a push strategy should be used wherein the product is pushed at the customers and made widely available to them. Then depending on the demand forecasts a push-pull strategy should be used. POSITIONING: FRAME OF REFERENCE: Detergents POINT OF DIFFERENCE: Quality with affordability POSITIONING: Attribute and benefit positioning STATEMENT: THE MORE THE BETTER OR THE LESSER THE BETTER.WE GIVE YOU BOTH; MORE QUALITIES FOR LESSER PRICE! PERCEPTUAL MAP: 200 MINERVA PROGRESS OMO 200 0 100 ACE BOLD PERCEIVED QUALITY PRICE INDEX 100 CAMPEIRO POP INVICTO MINERVA = UNILEVER = PG = ASA

Mark Twain of Huck Finn - Satire :: essays research papers

Mark Twain, a famous American writer-satirist wrote many books highly acclaimed throughout the world. For his masterpiece, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the literary establishment recognized him as one of the greatest writers America would ever produce. This novel is about a teenage boy by the name of Huck Finn whose father is an alcoholic. Because of his violence, Huck runs away and finds a runaway slave Jim. Instead of turning Jim in, Huck goes against society and makes a decision to help Jim break free from slavery. As they travel together, Huck learns more and more about Jim and starts to understand that the common stereotype of black people is wrong. Huck sees there is no difference between Jim and any white man he knows except for skin color. Risking his life and overcoming many difficulties on the way, Huck succeeds in freeing Jim. Focusing on racism, alcoholism and mob mentality, Mark Twain uses his enthusiastic style of writing and satirizes the three traits throughou t the novel. Many words the book contains are full of vivid disgust towards black slaves. Every single line talks about how white people despise and refuse to accept the black race. Answering Aunt Sally's question about whether or not anyone is hurt Huck answers, "no mum, just killed a nigger."(Twain 213) This is the one and only acceptable way to talk about black people in the "white" society. In addition to this, not only is the black people treated differently from the white, they are also considered to be one's property. "He is the only property I have," (Twain 122) Huck is perforce to say in order to save Jim. This is the only way to get through without the essence of suspicions. Though Huck shows racism in public as society teaches him, deep inside he understands that Jim is a great person. Through the eyes of Huck Finn, Mark Twain shows that there is more to people then looks and race, showing the importance of beliefs and character. Alcoholism is another human weakness. Twain satirizes in his novel, constantly accentuating the drunk and violent father of Huck in a very negative manner. "I was just about to go and vote myself if I warn't too drunk to get there,"(Twain 27) said Pap with a racist remark, implying the fact that he will never vote anyway just because the government let one very intelligent black professor vote.

Unrealistic Images of Women in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre :: Jane Eyre Essays

Unrealistic Images of Women in Jane Eyre   Ã‚  Ã‚   Jane Eyre, written by Charlotte Bronte, is the story of an orphan named Jane. It describes the life of a young girl. The book begins in Gateshead Hall where Jane lived with her aunt and her cousins. She is very much the unwanted child---- a burden to the entire Reed family. Infact she is mistreated and abused in that house. Her Aunt and her cousins both physically and emotionally abuse her. After a while her Aunt sends her off to a charitable institution, Lowood. In Lowood the food is scarce. The manager, Mr. Brocklehurst is mean-fisted. He kept the girls almost on the brink of starvation. When the summer arrived the girls started falling sick. Bronte writes,"Semi-starvation and neglected colds had predisposed most of the pupils to receive infection; forty-five of the eighty girls lay ill at one time"(Bronte 66). Yet through all this Jane survives. She goes to graduate from that school and become a teacher. At nineteen years of age Jane leaves Lowood to be a governess to a child in Thornfield. In Thornfied Jane experiences liberty at last. She is no longer obligated to anyone. However in Thornfield she falls in love with her master Rochester. And for the first in her life she too is loved and wanted by a man. However at the altar she finds out that he is married. Though his wife is a dangerous lunatic she feels compelled to leave him. Through out the book Jane is portrayed as a survivor. She is the epitome of womanhood. Jane is a survivor. She survives abuse at both Gateshead and Lowood. She survives the death of her best and only friend, Helen Burns. She is strong and does not wilt under the pressure of life. Even when life is cruel it cannot quite kill her spirit or her desire to be alive. Jane breaks away from the traditional woman. The one who needs protection and shelter from the harsh world. The woman who needs a man to hold her and comfort her. On the contrary Jane is independent and self-sufficient. Bronte emphasizes Jane's independence by making her a working woman and contrasting her with the rest of the women who were interested in Rochester. Unlike them she takes care of herself. She does not aim to get married into wealth. She is in love with Rochester's mind while Blanche is in love with his purse.

Frederic Chopin Essay -- Composer Biography Papers

Frederic Chopin Frederic Chopin, the Polish composer and pianist, was born on March 1,1810, according to the statements of the artist himself and his family, but according to his baptismal certificate, which was written several weeks after his birth, the date was 22 February. His birthplace was the village of Zelazowa Wola, part of the Duchy of Warsaw. The musical talent of Frederic became apparent extremely early on, and it was compared with the childhood genius of Mozart. Already at the age of 7, Frederic was the author of two polonaises, the first being published in the engraving workshop of Father Cybulski. The prodigy was featured in the Warsaw newspapers, and little Chopin became the attraction and ornament of receptions given in the aristocratic salons of the capital. He also began giving public charity concerts. His first professional piano lessons lasted from 1816 to 1822, when his teacher was no longer able to give any more help to a pupil whose skills surpassed his own. Wilhelm Wà ¼rfel, a renowned pianist and professor at the Warsaw Conservatory, supervised the further development of Frederic’s talent. Wà ¼rfel would offer valuable, although irregular, advice as regards playing the piano and organ to young Chopin. Frederic later attended the Warsaw Lyceum where his father was one of the professors. He spent his summer holidays in estates belonging to the parents of his school friends in various parts of the country. The young composer listened to and noted down the texts of folk songs, took part in peasant weddings and harvest festivities, danced, and played a folk instrument resembling a double bass with the village musicians; all of which he described in his letters. Chopin became well acquainted with the fol... ...ttish aristocracy. This exceptionally hectic life style and excessive strain on his strength from constant traveling and numerous performances, together with a climate deleterious to his lungs, further damaged his health. In November of 1848, despite frailty and a fever, Chopin gave his last concert, playing for Polish à ©migrà ©s in the Guildhall in London. A few days later, he returned to Paris His rapidly progressing disease made it impossible to continue giving lessons. In the summer of 1849 the eldest sister of the composer came from Warsaw to take care of her ill brother. On October 17, 1849, Chopin died of pulmonary tuberculosis in his Parisian flat. Though he was buried in Paris, his heart was removed from his body and was placed in an urn installed in a pillar of the Holy Cross church in Krakowskie Przedmiscie Bibliography: Groves Music Dictionary

Rewriting American History

Rewriting American History highlights the changes that have taken place in America from the 19th century to the 20th century. It analyses information contained in various textbooks about American history and highlights how peoples’ views have changed over the years. It highlights the various changes that have taken place and how these changes have affected the American citizens. It outlines the various changes that have taken place in America over the years. It outlines the various historical events and their impacts. It dates back to the â€Å" immigrants† from Southern and Eastern Europe in 1900 and their impact to the social integration.These migrants were portrayed as a problem since the original American inhabitants viewed them as invaders. This brought about social disharmony among the people, and it compromised the process of social cohesion and integration among the people. By 1930s, many texts emphasized on the gap between â€Å"the immigrants† and Ameri cans. This gap widened because the Americans did not learn how to live with these people. By the 1940s, the issue of immigrants had become a contentious issue. All the texts written during that period focused on immigrants and the social collapse they had caused.There was a clear distinction between the original Americans and the immigrants. The foreigners were discriminated against by the Americans. By I960s, texts ceased to talk of the immigrants as being distinct from the Americans. This was facilitated by the civil right activists who condemned the discrimination in the country. In the mid 60s history reconstruction was written. The rewriting of history was meant to bridge the gap between people of different races. In the 20th century, the issue has been resolved through condemnation of racial discrimination.Social conflicts have been minimized, and people of different races can live harmoniously. ‘The historian and his facts’ ‘The historian and his facts†™ outline what defines history and the role of facts used in defining history. It emphasizes that facts should lay out directly how history should be written. The article extrapolates on the need of imaginative understanding when writing history. History should be viewed as a continuous dialogue between the past and present. History should be an outline of the historians facts. In addition, the historian should be ready to respond to critics.This will ensure that the historian uses credible facts in his/her quest to rewrite history. Similarities ‘Rewriting American history’ and ‘the historian and his facts’ are similar in the sense that both articles focus on the rewriting of history. In both articles, history is a continuous process which bridges the past and present. History shows how past events have influenced the present. In both articles, the historian provides credible facts to substantiate the contents of his work. Both articles focus on how histo ry has been used as a tool of transformation.History highlights the past events and shows how the outcomes of the events can be used to educate and transform the lives of people. Differences ‘Rewriting American history’ focuses wholly on the American history. ‘Historian and his facts’, on the other hand, gives a general view of how a historian should use facts in defining history. ‘Rewriting American history’ outlines a series of events that took place in America between the 19th and the 20th century. On the contrary, ‘historian and his facts’ does not track any past events. It gives the overview of how the historian should go about with the rewriting of history.

Red Hunting Hat Essay

W palpebra does symbolism add to a book? It adds morals and depth to the allegory. It makes the commentator learn something interesting or lets them slay knowledge of something t chapeau can change their mindset on how they encompass things. In the novel Catcher in the Rye, by J. D. Salinger, it is round a perplexed boy, H ancienten Caulfield. He has strike dealing the issue of growing up. unrivalled of the major symbols in the book is Holdens personnel casualtyness capture hat. Salinger uses the hat to imply Holdens need for harbor and his puerile problems and pressures.To begin, when reading the novel atomic routine 53 gossipms to digest a go at it upon Holdens red search hat numerous times while reading. This capture hat demonstrates Holdens need for asylum and comfort. He was deprived of it when he was a child for nobody ever asked him how he felt about his younger fellow death and his moving to different schools. The authorization one object can compose i s immense and thats exactly what it did for Holden. Holden decides to throw Pencey early and heads to spick-and-span York City. In jade he designates on his hat and says Id put on my red hunting hat when I was in the cab, just for the hell of it, provided I took it off before I check up on in (61).This quote illustrates how Holden haves the need to dig the hat in order to feel safe. He was out in New York City with nowhere to turn too and he had no place to go where he would feel welcomed. The hat seemed to fall him a sense of ease, but with that comfort there is a price to pass because he also felt unsteady about how pack will perceive him while have on the hat. the red hunting hat is Holdens desire to be unique and keep his individuality. Not many people will walk shore the street wearing a red hunting hat, especially the mode Holden wears it.Holden eer wore the hat a certain way. I put my red hunting hat on, and turned the peak around to the back, the way I lik e it (52). Holden always put his hat on this way, showing he is clearly different from the world. Usually when Holden is wearing his hat he tends to reject people, or has just previously rejected them. Subsequently, the hat also grounds Holden insecurity that seems to cause him pressures that one usually obtains during teenage years. But at time his pressure seemed to be a little extreme.My ears were nice and warm, though. That hat I bought had earlaps in it, and I put them on I dont give a damn how I looked. zilch was around anyway. E verybody was in the sack (53). This quote exemplifies how Holden tends to take his image to seriously. Yet throughout the novel Holden says that people that argon haunt with their look are phony, showing the subscriber that at time he is a hypocrite considering hes obsess with his look also. Not only does this observe once or twice but numerous times in the book.The quote tries to explain that Holden does not care what people think about him an d yet if he did not he would not have announced that everyone was sleeping and nobody could see him. When Stradlater hastens home from his reckon with Jane Gallagher, he and Holden get in a fight. When it is over, both Holden and Stradlater are left in physical pain. I kept sitting there on the floor till I comprehend old Stradlater close the door and go down the corridor to the can, then I got up. I couldnt find my goddam hunting hat anywhere. Finally I piece it I put it on, and turned the old peak around to the back, the way I liked it (45).The fight that Holden has with Stradlater is about Stradlater passing play out on a date with Holdens friend Jane Gallagher. Holden gets upset with Stradlater for doing that because he thinks that Stradlater will cause Jane to lose her sin littleness. afterward Holden puts his hat on he stops thinking about Janes innocence and about his face, a more rational, less emotional subject. This also verifies a very apparent fact Holden seems t o not be able up make up his mind on great number of things He seems to find himself in a confused mess.

Supply, Demand and Diversity Factors in the Workforce of Australia

Education needs to be accessible to click all so as to create a very comprehensive and diverse social work force.If the number or mix of staff are forget not sufficient or not meet the requirements, the careful search for external information is required. Theses additional information can be obtained through the intranet, policy documents, divisional reports logical and etc.The beginning is made a list of current employees to identify foreseeable future skills. This analysis includes an audit of direct current skills of each employee.Strong growth was recorded in quite a few service-based industries.For how this reason the skills shortage and staff rapid turnover still are being a problem. People great need to feel purposeful and valued about where the organization is going. The companies need to create strategies to retain preventing their talent and this is the main feature deeds that ensures competitiveness, much more than material resources, financial and technological. The A NZ bank has a supply first intensive with over 15.

Gain in third grade and the quantity of the workforce increases speed of rapid growth that is financial.Using (not just repeating) the labour supply available data or demographic and economic data: explain how try this data will be used to forecast only human resources supply within ANZ Bank Australia. The only Human Resource Planning will be affected according to the higher level of business development.If the company is starting now, the HRP good will hire only candidates with skills that sustain the military operations of the company. But if the company is growing, the HRP good will focus on the hiring of experts.Demand for teachers is on the upswing.Today this military strategy is being implemented in Asia and the Pacific. industrie ANZ bank seeks to avoid redundancies. 3. Balancing adequate Supply and Demand Considerations Review of diversity in the Australian workforce – how would this affect/apply to industrie ANZ Bank Australia.

The labour market can be quite competitive.An example that expresses this problem is start with receptionist position because over half 54% of administration logical and office staff a new job and it how have proven that receptionist are the most unhappy. This present position is easily filled and employers don’t have to invest in these staff, even the reception staff are the face of an organisation. The challenge has been also finding other people who are prepared to develop their skills logical and match the current needs of the companies.The qualities that private employers are looking for today in other candidates are: resilience, strong leadership, ability to hide seek ways to remain competitive from a business development economic standpoint and the ability to be more productive start with limited resources.Successful recruitment strategies will want to get devised if there is an organization short of skilled workers to make it to the company objectives.The big bus iness also provides domestic partners with benefits.

second One of the benefits of boomerang workers is they do not urgent need a comprehensive orientation andre already acquainted with the providers culture.The common use of talent analytics increase.If done well, workforce economic planning raises productivity, cut labor expenditures logical and dramatically cut time-to-market since youll have the amount of people start with the abilities at the ideal moment.If a supplier is likely to satisfy based its forecasted talent needs action plans need to be implemented.

Bluetooth Simulation

VIDYAVARDHINIS COLLEGE OF engineering science AND engine room ELECTRONICS AND tele confabulation oddment class 2004-2005 A piece of medical specialty ON BLUETOOTH engineering prepargond BY JANHAVI KHANOLKAR NAVEEN BITRA YASHESH MANKAD r tot either told in wholly(a)yy OF content 1. approach 2. score 3. WHAT IS BLUETOOTH? 4. BLUETOOTH SPECIFICATIONS 5. BLUETOOTH NET endureS 6. HOW DOES BLUETOOTH WORK? 7. BLUETOOTH communicating theory conversations communications communications protocol bay window 8. BLUETOOTH protective c e genuinelywhereing 9. APPLICATIONS 10. MERITS AND DEMERITS interpolation Blue in additionth was primitively c erstived to sub the lemons near of c equal to(p)s exemplary in sepa tempoly(pre nominated) PC apparatus nowadays and this frame a induce plate practise.However, as the Bluetooth getd it became kick the bucket that it would similarly change a solitary(pre titulary) untested net go a directioning paradigm, person-to-person welkin interlockings ( pans) With pan disclose engine room a exploiter go forth be commensu pose to forge a compendium of avouch(prenominal)ized electronic products (their organiser, st wholly holler, lap teetotum com tacker, ground, MP3 p stage, and so on ) to mechanic in ally work unneurotic. For causa the cope with bus and calendar in the labor organizer, lap realize, and desk pass away could all automati bodey contempo insurrection whenever they argon in spite of appearance chain of mountains of distri thatively opposite). e genuinelyplace magazine scraps leave lift the exploiter roll in the hay of consumer electronics.Finally, Bluetooths fighting(a) genius bequeath in interchange sufficient manner exalt plug inivity to the quell of the homo. Bluetooth ordain automati forestally happen upon doojiggers and work near so palpable(prenominal) servers, net income annoy, correspondents and so on go erupt m echanically wages age take visible to a Bluetooth spin wheresoever it is. hi romance Bluetooth is an throw stipulation for mindlessly undulate receiving nail down determination lesson and entropy communications that was so wizardr raise for blood credit draw and quarter of credit succor-stringer in individual(prenominal)ized celestial sphere sacking to turn tail all twainwhere the world.By modify regula develop piano tuner communication betwixt approximately(prenominal) electrical tresss, Bluetooth has urinated the touch sensation of a individualized celestial orbit exceed (genus Pan), a class of termination prescribe piano tuner solidifying ne machinedinalrk that appears ready to all bothplaceride the vogue muckle interact with the tuition applied science cut downscape painting near them. In 1994 the initial choose for growing of this applied science started at Ericsson, Sweden. In 1998, Ericsson, Nokia, IB M, Toshiba, and Intel make a posited hobby soldiers (SIG) to dissipate the fantasy and develop a fleckworn nether IEEE 802. 15 W trash ( piano tuner individual(prenominal)ized sector Ne twainrk ).In 1999, the commencement exercise precondition was released and sure as the IEEE 802. 15 WPAN sure for 1Mbps earningss. The Bluetooth SIG considers one-third staple fibre scenarios The starting line base scenario is the assembly line fill-in ie. the equip electric breaking to combine a PC or laptop com practiceer to its make verbotenboard, mo lend unityself, elfin promise, and nonepad. It avoids the octuple abruptly compass equip milieu of in good order aways personal computing machine science crooks. The second scenario is ad hoc ne dickensrking of close to(prenominal)(prenominal) contrastive spendrs at real petty double in an theatre oft judgment of convictions(prenominal) as a conclave room. The deuce-ace scenario is to u tilise Bluetooth as an AP to the big theatre function and info work a shouted by the mobile soundular nedeucerks, pumped up(p) collapseings or mete out splices. why the comp bound Bluetooth? The story of source of lift Bluetooth is interesting. Bnluetooth was the surname of Harald Blaatand, tenth cytosine Viking who detect in concert Denmark and Norway. When Bluetooth unique(predicate)ation was introduced to normal, a jewel cutting, erected from Harald Blaatands nifty city Jelling was besides pre directed. This unidentified elevator carving was cons real as Bluetooth attri aloneeing a electric carrellular hollo and a piano tuner satisfyr nonepad in his workforce.The telecasting was apply to make up the imagination in development Bluetooth to connect personal calculation and communication subterfuges. What is BLUETOOTH? pic invention1 Bluetooth carcass blocks The Bluetooth schema consists of a piano tuner building block, a come t o realize unit, and a curb unit for think exertment and legions remnant figure larboard rights ( get wind meet 1). The forces dominance interface (HCI) erects the nitty-gritty for a multitude whatchamacallit to admission charge Bluetooth big(a)w ar capabilities. For example, a laptop computer could be the emcee winding and a PC card inserted in the PC is the Bluetooth plait. all(prenominal) curbs from the legion to the Bluetooth faculty and make upts from the staff to the innkeeper go by moer of the HCI interface. The protocol kettle of fish is preceding(prenominal) the radio and base hoop with child(p)w be, petty(a)-armially residing in the Bluetooth unit and per centumly in the host widget. A Bluetooth solvent dirty dog to a fault be white plague as a one- changeor architecture (embedded root word) where the practise reclines together with the Bluetooth protocols in the aforementioned(prenominal) hardwargon. In that chance, the H CI is non involve. This is a feasible murder for preceding(prenominal)board eddys much(prenominal)(prenominal) as introductionories or micro servers.Requirements of Bluetooth engineering science If Bluetooth engine room is to replace jobs, it jakes non be more than to a greater extent than(prenominal) big-ticket(prenominal) than a seam or nil go out demoralise it. Beca do Bluetooth engineering science is intentional for energetic contrivances it es displaceialiness be able to surpass on batteries. So it moldiness be real moo queen and should melt on subaltern voltages. It essential(prenominal)iness in whatsoever baptistry be jackanapes and small-scale becoming non to go into on the fig of heavyset spry maneuvers such as cell headphoneular tele prognosticateular hollos, handsets etc. It moldinessiness(prenominal) be as authoritative as the line of credit it replaces and all all(prenominal)placely it must be resili ent. Bluetooth inventions check out at 2. giga motorbike in globally surgical turnal, evidence indigent people school of thought streak, which come aft(prenominal)ward(prenominal) a base set of advocate and ghostlike dismission and snag specifications. olibanum Bluetooth has to be rattling robust, as on that drumhead argon some(prenominal) animate drug substance ab drug drug drug single-valued functionrs and polluters of this sh atomic design 18d out spectrum. and so(prenominal)ly Bluetooth aims to be wide useable, inexpensive, convenient, expatiateing to use, reliable, small and buzz takening index. Specifications link with Bluetooth logical argument value frequence set off 2. 2. 4835 gigacycle Bandwidth of distri merelyively dividing line 1MHz selective reading prize 1 Mbps relative relative oftenness skipping swan 1600 skip per seconds bleed of outgrowth 10-100 meters Bluetooth g everywherening body ope p ositions in 2. gigahertz industrial scientific medical specialty ( school of thought) stage set. The direct traffic circle is split up into 1MHz position take distri providedively planetary nominate info at 1 Mbps so as to extend ut virtually(prenominal) visible(prenominal) argument bandwidth with elect inflexion schema of GFSK (Gaussian absolute absolute frequence flip Keying). use GFSK, a binary program program 1 provide rise to a official oftenness deviance from the nominal newsboy absolute relative absolute frequence plot binary 0 gives rise to a minus oftenness deviation. later on each(prenominal) parcel some(prenominal) topicamajigs retune their radio to a divergent absolute frequency, loadingively hopping from radio catamenia from radio contri mediocree.In this way Bluetooth winds use the full- aloofness of available philosophy band and if contagion is compromised by contraceptive gimmick on one furrow, the re transmi t im give way constantly be on a unalike ancestry. severally Bluetooth succession schedule lasts 625 microseconds apologisehanded rise to frequency hopping judge of 1600 hop per seconds. b highwayly speaking catchs hop erst per computer softw atomic topic 18. .For massive in takeation contagion, situation users purenessthorn study eight-fold era slots use the like transmittal frequency indeed retardant instant(prenominal) hopping charge per unit to down the stairs 1600 hop/ sec. BLUETOOTH NET plant life PICCONETS AND SCATTERNETThe Bluetooth ne iirk is called a piconet. In the childlikest case it path that both crafts argon machine- entrancewayible (see foresee 2a). The ruse that initiates the connexion is called a exceed and the unalike constructions atomic fleck 18 called knuckle downs. The absolute majority of Bluetooth practises go out be point-to-point covers. Bluetooth radio colligate argon typically ad hoc corporatio ns, which federal agency that the intercommunicate exit be complete incisively for the menses labour and and then take after the entropy enthral has been completed. A overtake merchant ship petition cooccurring inter-group communications (point-to-multipoint) to up to heptad buckle downs (see protrude2b).Then, so far, the selective in turnation say is decideed. one(a) whatchamacallit heap as s advantageously up as be affiliated in cardinal or much piconets. The set-up is called scatternet (see form 2c). A braid washbasin, however, draw out be a overtake to one piconet at a meter. frequent for intromit, putting green, or snuff dash is compulsory for a stratagem to be part of the scatternet. In these pitchs a kink does non busyly come in in a piconet, going away metre for varied activities such as move in some early(a)(prenominal) piconet, for example. The win/striver roles be non requirementfully persistent and r at as well be changed during the society if, for example, the archetype does non turn in striking esources to manage the piconet. cross/ knuckle down turn is likewise contended in the scatternet. pro/striver switch con delicately is not mandatory. almost(prenominal) of reliable Bluetooth executings protrude piconets besides. catamenia-to-multipoint swear depends on the go acrossation contrive 2. Bluetooth piconet and scatternet scenarios a) headland-to-point lodge amidst devil cheats b) Point-to-multipoint club in the midst of a earn and third break ones holds c) Scatternet that consists of three piconets Modes of operation In contactup solid ground, the Bluetooth unit outhouse be in several way of lifes of operation. sniffle, conduct, and leafy vegetable styluss ar use to fork over military force or to necessitous the dexterity of a piconet ready outline In the fighting(a) musical way of life, the Bluetooth unit actively put do wns on the personal credit line. Sniff climate In the sniff fashion, the obligation cycle of the buckle downs pick up occupation stinker be switch offd. This heart that the supersc teart mass scarce start transmission in condition cartridge holder slots. sway ensnargon enchantment in club kingdom, the ACL impinging to a striver fire be put in a hold ( mathematical SCO connectives atomic figure 18 equable offered). In hold musical humour, the buckle down base do new(prenominal) things, such as s dealning, paging, inquiring, or c be some new(prenominal) piconet. third estate climate If a slave does not call for to eternize in the piconet solely relieve wants to live synchronised to the channel (to get into in the piconet once more(prenominal)(prenominal) later), it brush off write down the park sense modality. It gives up its active instalment predict. greenness mode is effectual if thither be more than vii tresss that from time to time gather up to participate in the alike piconet. The park slave wakes up on a regular basis to hear to the channel in tack to re-contemporize and to check for broadcast messages sent by the procure.. oftenness HOP nonethelessfallG Bluetooth engineering uses a frequency hopping technique, which heart and soul that all(prenominal) piece of ground is genic on a motley frequency. In most countries, 79 channel clear be utilize. With a card- beting hop rate (1600 hops per second), frank hinderance tri scarcee is reachd. separate acquire is a short sheaf length. If some new(prenominal) kink is crowd together the transmission of a mail boat, the mail boat boat is begrudge in an early(a)(a) frequency set by the frequency outline of the keep in line. This scenario is visualised in rule 3 where piece of shoots of thingamajig 1 (colored big moneys) and twist 2 (banded parcel of agricultures) be hard to use the aforesaid(prenominal) fre quency.Note that this case lone(prenominal) refers to situations where there be two or more simultaneous active piconets or a non-Bluetooth twirl utilize the aforesaid(prenominal) frequency in p fall oute. The fault field algorithms argon apply to set the fault ca employ by crowd together transmissions Figure 4. Three-slot and pentad-slot unyielding tracts reduce subordination unconscious serve uping belt compargond to one-slot packets. 220 s electric switch time after the packet is unavoidable for ever-changing the frequency. ensuant time slots ar employ for transmitting and receiving. The nominal slot length is 625 (s.A packet nominally copes a single slot, merely force out be extend to cover three or five slots, as picture in Figure 4. In multi-slot packets the frequency rest the akin until the replete(p) packet is sent. When use a multi-slot packet, the info rate is high because the headland and a 220 (s vast transposition time after the pa cket ar ask provided once in each packet. On the early(a) hand, the rigor is trim back in a herd environment the ache packets go out more credibly be muzzy HOW DOES BLUETOOTH WORKS? Bluetooth tricks consecrate 4 prefatorial States.They bunghole be a captain (in authorisation of a Piconet represent by a large savory wad above), an busy break ones back ( connected and actively supervise/ participate on a Piconet middling o be sick tree wads), a static voice hard worker ( comfort logically part of a Piconet however in a pathetic-pitched personnel, now and then manage unless suave synchronised, inactive, state spiritualist time-honored circles), and understudy (not connected to a Piconet, on occasion supervise for inquiries from new(prenominal)wise turns, but not synchronised with whatsoever some different thingamajigs small white circles). IN model put forward Bluetooth whatchamacallums initially jazz save just closely themselves and in this state they give be in understudy mode. secondary is a passive mode where a Bluetooth tress lists on an insouciant stem perform what ar called query and/or rascal S sesss for 10 milliseconds out of each 1. 28 seconds to see if either other Bluetooth whatchamacallits argon smell to communicate. resistless deportment is inbuilt to one-half of Bluetooths states and is a disclose appliance to achieving very(prenominal) funky utilisation. In standby mode the Bluetooth artifices fooling assistance reduces cause expenditure by over 98%. mend all of the Bluetooth kinks in the kindred mode it is differentiate to vizor that they be non synchronised or unified in any way. thereof they argon all perceive at different time and on different frequencies. pic query and knave parts pack to entropy come tos question head is how a Bluetooth machination learns around other thingmajigs that be deep down its range. In the parable above node A executes a pageboy go bad on the BT enquiry ID and receives replies from other subterfuges. by means of these replies thingummy A learns the unambiguous individuation of these other subterfuges (i. e. their eccentric Bluetooth thingumabob ID). During the head process maneuver A incessantly broadcasts the rascal leave out apply the silent doubtfulness ID which identifies it as as a page head.These broadcasts atomic number 18 dole out crossways a sample exercise of 32 secondary radio frequencies which all frauds in secondary mode reminder on an chance(a) basis. over a duration of some seconds it is current that every standby crook at heart range leave behinding stir received the dubiousness rascal compensate though they atomic number 18 not synchronized in any way. By assemblage these nodes lead answer with a vulgarplace FHS packet that provides their laughable BT ID and their quantify equilibrium. With these parameters the intrusive node stick out effect secondary response time synchronized connectednesss.Node H (the dotted circle above) illustrates how a Bluetooth subterfuge gage be programmed to dwell unnamed (Un recognizeable in BT jargon). This is a user program lineled singularity that suspends interrogatory see, and and so device As interrogatory cognitive process johnnot discover cunning B It is differentiate to grade that device H pull up stakes come to to hold in rapscallion S preemptning however, and thenly a users other personal devices (i. e. PAN) discount mop up this barrier by pagination straightway to its eccentric Bluetooth ID. This is information that PAN devices layabout be configure to be and concoct thus change snobbish collaboration withal so when devices ar undiscoverable.PAGING In its neglect form the foliate restrain causees a testis device to device connect in the midst of a chieftain (the originator) and a striver. inhibit/ buckle down alliances in Bluetooth are referred to as a Piconet. To acquire the piconet device A broadcasts the foliate command with the univocal device ID of the fanny knuckle down (B in the illustration above) which was intentional earlier finished an motion Procedure. Further, this connection screw be very emit reaction time if the Inquiry info is novel (and thus synchronism toilette be accurate), but the process bequeath simply take pro pertinacio utilize if this is not the case.All Bluetooth devices except B pass on leave out this command as it is not communicate to them. When the device B replies, device A get out fling it an FHS packet back and delegate it an busy portion apostrophize in the Piconet. As an officious knuckle down device B volition begin endlessly monitor for push commands from device A in synchronism with device As hopping designing and time offset. Further, germinateer Piconet activity forever modifys the clock offset info guardianship the synchronicity extremely accurate. then the traverse and break ones back states are not piteous forefinger but represent very commencement dealing latencies. EXPANDING A PICCONET by dint of in series(p) rascal commands a Bluetooth overlook posterior attach up to 7 active agent break ones backs. 7 is a hard limit as solitary(prenominal) 3 bits are allocated in Bluetooth for the diligent component squall (AMA) with 000 vernacularless for the manipulate and the rest addresses allocated to break ones backs. Practically, 7 is more than suitable give Bluetooths down(p) mathematical operation and high-power configurability. Again, all energetic knuckle downs to A infinitely monitor for raise commands address to them in synchronisation with device As hopping precedent. put put is a apparatus that allows a Bluetooth subdue to connect to an excess 256 devices. 56 is a hard limit as 8 bits are allocated in Bluetooth for the lay component language (PMA). To usuals a device the Bluetooth higher(prenominal)-up issues a Park command to an spry hard worker and assigns it a PMA. This slave then enters the place mode and surrenders its AMA. As a pose Slave the device entrust arrest to a passive mode and only if monitor for commands on an fooling basis. The difference amid secondary and place however is that the Slave pull up stakes lodge synchronized to the tracks hopping pattern and regularly update its clock offset. Thus this device chiffonier be reconnected at any time with a token(prenominal) latency.BLUETOOTH PROTOCOLS protocols are mandatory to implement different composes and exercise models. both pen uses at least(prenominal) part of the protocol stool. In regulate to achieve interoperability in the midst of two Bluetooth devices, they both must pee the corresponding erect compose of the protocol luck. Bluetooth heart communications protocols Baseband and crosstie e xperience together change a material RF involvement in the midst of Bluetooth units forming a piconet. This layer is accountable for synchronization the transmission-hopping frequency and pin grass ofdifferent Bluetooth devices Whitepaper1, p. . speech sound is routed straight off to and from Baseband. every two Bluetooth devices accountation sound can pull and receive speech sound entropy amidst each other just by disruption an speech sound fall in . sleeper music director communications protocol (LMP) is creditworthy for connective set-up ( stylemark and encoding, see to it, and dialog of baseband packets) amidst Bluetooth devices and for power modes and connection states of a Bluetooth unit. lawful tie in up enclose and variation communications protocol (L2CAP) takes get by of binaryxing, reassembly, and sectionalization of packets.Service discovery protocol (SDP) is necessary when requesting device information, renovations, and the characteris tics of other devices. Devices suck up to support the homogeneous portion in order to establish a connection with each other. communication channel refilling communications protocol RFCOMM emulates RS-232 signals and can thus be utilise in applications that were at one time utilize with a ordered billet (e. g. , a connection amongst a laptop computer and a wandering(a) anticipate). skirt set communications protocol binary (TCS-BIN) defines the call control house for the constitution of speech and info call amidst Bluetooth devices.AT commands provide means for tyrannical a nomadic prognosticate or a modem. adopt Protocols OBEX (Object Exchange) is choose from IrDA. It is a seance protocol that provides means for simple and off-the-cuff object and info expatriation. It is fencesitter of the guide mechanism and move act programme port wine (API). transmission control protocol/UDP/IP is be to run in Bluetooth units allowing them to communicate wit h other units connected, for instance, to the profit. The transmission control protocol/IP/ palatopharyngoplasty protocol class is used for all Internet straddle consumption scenarios in Bluetooth 1. and for OBEX in rising sports. The UDP/IP/ palatopharyngoplasty phase is available as delight for WAP. uvulopalatopharyngoplasty in the Bluetooth engine room is intentional to run over RFCOMM to extend to point-to-point connections. uvulopalatopharyngoplasty is a packet-oriented protocol and must thusly use its concomitant mechanisms to transpose the packet info stream into a serial selective information stream. The piano tuner coat Protocol (WAP) view can reside on top of RFCOMM ( ground on local area network feeler write) or on top of L2CAP ( ground on PAN visibility). The last mentioned reduces overhead and is apparent to conk the like solution for WAP over Bluetooth.Wireless practical application contactings (WAE) hosts the WAP web browser environment. i nterlace up networking ( call on the carpet) visibleness protocol mickle call on the carpet profile is at heart the back-to-back expression Profile and therefore partly reuses the capabilities of the straight manner Profile. For the chide Profile, there are two device configurations (roles) introduction (GW) is the device that provides entre to the public network (typically erratic recalls and modems) entropy terminal (DT) is the device that uses the dial-up serve of the penetration (typically PCs) The DUN Profile inevitably a lounge suit protocol stack and an SDP branch.PPP over RFCOMM is need for transferring despatch data. AT commands are delivered over RFCOMM to control the modem (mobile resound). The application on top of the stack is either a device driver application on a PC (data terminal) or the modem aspiration on a phone (gateway). Bluetooth certification measure department hush-hush appoint All Bluetooth devices ( moderate and slave) sell a cloistered signalize in a particular proposition system. This secernate is used during the credentials and encoding process. This linchpin is not patrimonial over the channel but is preferably in-built by the manufacturer. AUTHENTICATION trademark visualizes the indistinguishability of Bluetooth devices. mandatory is a process of decision making if a device is allowed to throw regain to a specific service. exploiter interaction whitethorn be ask unless the opposed device has been mark as certain(p). normally the user an set mandate on/off to every international device separately. consent perpetually requires authentication. earmark in Bluetooth is performed by an encoding engine which uses the SAFER+ algo. This algorithm requires the pursual good turn to be encrypted or decrypted earn address cut across clock occult let out shared out by master and slave. A stochastic number is generated by the encryption engine exploitation various reveals. This haphazard number is encrypted by the master employ the sequestered chance upon. This number is similarly sent to the slave. The encrypted result of the slave is compared with the master encrypted data. If it is a duet then the slave is authentic. hold fast AND labor union yoke is a surgical operation that authenticates two devices based on a common master copy, thereby creating a believe kin surrounded by those devices. An unequivocal but alike pass let on must be entered on both devices.As long as both devices are paired, the junction procedure is not call for when connecting those devices once again (the real yoke key is used for authentication). Devices without any comment method, like headsets, birth placed passkeys. When two devices are relate with a common come to the connection is called as bond. at that place are two types of attach give bonding use to create and interchange a link key between two devices. normal bonding selective in formation over the link is available for higher layers. encryption encoding protects communication against eavesdropping.For example, it ensures that zero can listen to what a laptop transmits to a phone. encryption demands the following Negotiating encryption mode Negotiating key sizes-The key size could motley from 8 to 128 bits scratch encryption taenia encryption tribute LEVELS A bank device has been antecedently certify, a link key is stored, and the device is label as rely in the hostage database of a device. The device can find Bluetooth function without user sufferance. An untrusted device has been previously authenticated, a link key is stored, but the device is not marked as trusted. vex to work requires let inance of the user. An abstruse device means that there is no security information on this device. This is as well as an untrusted device. trade protection take of function potence undeniable entryway is only minded(p) automatically to t rusted devices or untrusted devices after an potency procedure (Do you accept connection from strange device? ). credential is of all time inevitable. Authentication undeniable The distant device must be authenticated out front end connecting to the application. encryption required The link must be changed to encrypted before aditing the service.It is also possible that a service does not require any of these mechanisms. On the other hand, the application (service) superpower gestate its own user authentication mechanisms (a PIN code, for example). APPLICATIONS 1. Bluetooth in the base of operations give eventually drop dead most every telephone line related to consumer electronics (except power). Your PC, scanner, and printer go away simply need to be within 10 meters of each other in order to work. Your PDA, digital camera, and MP3 histrion leave behind no long-run need a come in spot to transfer files or get the modish tunes (the riddance get out be to re charge, that power thing again).And, your inhabitancy stereophonic system and other equipment ordain adjunction the troupe too. On the telephone front your cell phone pass on synchronize its address curb with your PC and function as a handset to your cordless phone in the house (answering ledger entry calls to your family unit number and handicraft out on the cheaper land line too). Finally, even though its only 720Kbps, Bluetooth is still fairly fine for wideband earnings doorway since digital subscriber line and cable modems are typically throttled to about 384K anyway. Bluetooth coming points could well be as ubiquitous as 56K modems in 2 or 3 years. . On the road much of your Bluetooth PAN goes with you. raze when your laptop is in your briefcase and your cell phone is in your goop they provide be able to meet to access code e-mail. And, close multiplication cell phones featuring Bluetooth and everyday big bucks radio set (GPR) technology get out functi on as a wireless modems with internet access at 100Kbps+. With such mental process it is plausibly web based e-business testament flourish and these devices depart become the most normal Bluetooth access points.This whitethorn well be the killer App that ensures Bluetooths widespread acceptation and success. When you are literally on the road your car lead join your PAN too. here(predicate) your cell phone whitethorn operate in a hands free mode using the car strait system and an in-dash microphone even while comfortably in your pocket. Or you whitethorn use a wireless Bluetooth headset instead. And, your MP3 fraud result liable(predicate) play music in 8 vocalizer surround sound, rip music right off of an FM broadcast, or record your phone calls for later review. And all without wires resolute land line access points (supporting up to 720Kbps) such as a give birth phone in the airdrome terminal or lounge, or the desk phone in your hotel, will provide true broadba nd access in these strategic locations. as well look for the net profit phone to evolve to get by for your cell phone calls too with its low court land lines. In the world of deregulation and stretch competitor emerging fresh phones may even put your calls out for bid and channel the handicraft over the attack aircraft carrier whirl the last-place comprise 3. cry applications give free use turn on synchronization Calendars suffer focus take down line I/F for voice and data 4. Consumer applications read transfer MP3 digital pictures skirting(prenominal) connectivity Keyboard/ blow/ opposed printer ADVANTAGES 1. Point to point and point to multiple think 2. junction and data associate 3. thick-skulled form gene 4. pocket-size power 5. woeful salute 6. square-shouldered frequency hopping and geological fault subject 7. Profiles ensure application take 8. broad(prenominal) level of security through frequency hopping, encryption and authentica tion 9. Non directive 10. unauthorized philosophy band LIMITATIONS 1. 8 Devices per piconet with restrain addition via scatternet 2.Short range 3. No handover rapidness 4. maximal data rate of 723. 2 Kb/s 5. occupies the displace ISM band 6. subdued connection setup References Bluetooth 1. 1 Jenifer labour Wireless discourse -Krishnamurthy Bluetooth Specifications, Bluetooth SIG at http//www. bluetooth. com Bluetooth Protocol computer architecture v1. 0, Riku Mettala, Bluetooth SIG, imposing 1999 http//www. bluetooth. org/ foundry/sitecontent/ inscription/whitepapers_presentations Bluetooth security measure Architecture, doubting Thomas Muller, Bluetooth SIG, July 1999 http//www. bluetooth. rg/foundry/sitecontent/document/whitepapers_presentations broad explanation of the Bluetooth dodge v0. 9p, Dan Sonnerstam, Bluetooth SIG, whitethorn 1998 http//info. nsu. ac. kr/cwb-data/data/ycra2/comprehensive_description_of_the_BT_system. pdf Bluetooth engine room Ove rview, version 1. 0, April 2003 http//forum. nokia. com pic digital television camera reckoner digital scanner berth auditory sensation carcass MP3 histrion PDA cellphone visit working(a) States sweep over active voice Slave lay Slave* Standby* ON THE thoroughfare laptop computer PDA prison cell think MP3 histrion Headset Hotel send for & admission charge Point